How to Brush Your Teeth Properly: The Technique Most People Get Wrong
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如何正确刷牙:大多数人都会犯的错误技巧

大多数人每天刷牙两次,但方法都不正确。这并非出于疏忽,而是因为没有人教过他们正确的方法——而且错误的方法乍一看似乎没什么问题,但日积月累就会造成损害。2018 年发表在《英国牙科杂志》上的一项研究发现,只有十分之一的成年人始终保持正确的刷牙方法……

大多数人每天刷牙两次,但方法却不对。这并非出于疏忽,而是因为没有人教过他们正确的刷牙方法——而且,错误的刷牙方式起初感觉良好,但日积月累,最终会损害牙齿健康。2018 年发表在《英国牙科杂志》上的一项研究发现,只有十分之一的成年人始终使用符合临床标准的刷牙方法。其余的人都在犯着同样的错误:横向刷牙、用力过猛、刷不到牙齿内侧以及过早停止刷牙。本文将介绍正确的刷牙方法、常见错误的重要性以及如何纠正这些错误。

错误一:水平方向擦洗

最常见的刷牙错误是在牙齿表面来回锯齿状摩擦——这种刷牙方式感觉最自然,因为它与我们擦洗台面或擦鞋的动作相同。但牙釉质表面并不均匀,水平摩擦会将力集中在牙齿最窄的部分——靠近牙龈的颈部区域——那里的牙釉质最薄。多年以后,这会在牙齿上形成楔形缺损,称为颈部磨损:牙龈线附近的牙齿表面出现凹陷,这些凹陷会逐渐加深,最终暴露牙本质,导致牙齿敏感,严重时甚至需要进行修复治疗。

正确的刷牙方法是改良的巴氏刷牙法。将刷头与牙龈线呈45度角,刷毛略微指向龈沟——牙齿与牙龈交界处的浅沟。以直径约1至2厘米的小圆圈动作刷牙,保持刷毛尖端与牙齿表面和牙龈边缘接触。不要用力擦洗。让刷毛通过轻柔的摩擦而非用力磨损来完成清洁工作。在咀嚼面(咬合面)上,可以进行短促的来回刷牙,因为这些表面的牙釉质最厚,磨损的风险最低。

巴斯技术由查尔斯·C·巴斯博士于1954年提出,七十年来一直是牙周治疗的标准方法。多项临床试验表明,与水平擦拭、垂直扫掠或斯蒂尔曼技术相比,巴斯技术能更有效地清除牙龈边缘(牙龈炎的起始关键区域)的牙菌斑,同时对牙颈部釉质施加的潜在损伤性磨损力更小。

错误二:刷牙用力过猛

刷牙用力过猛是第二大常见错误,其危害在于它给人一种“用力过猛是好事”的感觉——如果一定的力度有益,那么力度越大肯定越好。事实并非如此。超过约250克(大约相当于一个苹果的重量)的刷牙力度并不会去除更多牙菌斑,反而会加速两种牙齿损伤:牙龈萎缩(牙龈组织永久性退缩,导致牙根暴露)和牙颈部磨损(如上所述)。2015年发表在《临床牙周病学杂志》上的一项研究估计,10%到20%的成年人刷牙用力过猛,会在五到十年内造成可测量的牙龈萎缩。

实际测试很简单:用三根手指——拇指、食指和中指——握住牙刷,而不是用拳头握住。三指握法自然会将你施加的力限制在大约 150 到 200 克之间,正好在安全范围内。如果你使用的是带有压力传感器的电动牙刷,请注意指示灯——无论是 BrushO 手柄上的彩色 LED 灯,还是 Oral-B iO 上的红色圆环。传感器的读数并非保守。它经过校准,以临床阈值为基准,这些阈值来源于引发牙龈萎缩所需力度的研究。

错误三:忽略内表面

牙齿舌面——也就是牙齿朝向舌头的一侧——是口腔中最容易被忽视的清洁区域。2019 年一项利用牙菌斑显色剂和照片分析的研究发现,下门牙的舌面是口腔中最容易积聚牙菌斑的部位,在自我刷牙后,平均仍有 40% 到 60% 的表面积存在牙菌斑。这些部位的清洁难度较高——颊侧有脸颊和嘴唇遮挡,而舌侧则被舌头和狭窄的下颌弓阻挡,难以触及牙刷。

正确的刷牙方法需要格外注意。刷完每个象限的颊侧和咬合面后,旋转牙刷柄,使刷毛朝上(下牙弓)或朝下(上牙弓),并调整刷头角度,以便清洁牙齿背面。在清洁下前牙(即下方的六颗门牙)时,应采用竖直刷牙的方式,刷头根部触及舌侧,刷头尖端触及切缘。这是整个口腔中最容易被忽略的区域,多花10到15秒清洁该区域,能显著提高整体牙菌斑的清除效果。

错误四:刷牙时间不够长

两分钟的刷牙建议并非随意制定。2012年发表在《国际口腔卫生杂志》上的一项系统性综述发现,在所有纳入研究的案例中,刷牙时长与牙菌斑清除率呈正相关,两分钟是收益递减的临界点——超过两分钟后,刷牙时间越长,清除的牙菌斑就越少,而过度刷牙和牙龈刺激的风险却会增加。刷牙一分钟大约可以清除27%的牙菌斑,两分钟大约可以清除41%,三分钟大约可以清除44%——对于大多数使用者来说,这点微小的收益并不值得承担额外的风险。

平均而言,自行计时的刷牙时间仅为 45 至 60 秒,只有建议最短时间的二分之一到三分之二。带有内置计时器的电动牙刷(两分钟倒计时,每个象限间隔 30 秒)是最简单的解决方案。如果您使用手动牙刷,可以在手机上设置计时器或播放一首两分钟的歌曲。每个象限 30 秒的刷牙节奏(右上、左上、右下、左下)可确保牙齿各个区域的清洁度大致均衡。大多数人刷牙时,60% 到 70% 的时间都花在了前牙的颊面(容易清洁的正面),而忽略了臼齿和舌面。有意识地控制每个象限的刷牙时间,即使一开始感觉不太自然,也能促使牙齿清洁更加均匀。

人工智能牙刷如何提供帮助

以上四个错误都有一个共同的根本原因:刷牙时难以察觉。你感觉不到自己用了200克还是400克的力。你也看不到自己刷左下臼齿的时间是10秒还是30秒。如果没有镜子、牙菌斑显示片和刻意的注意——这三样东西没人会在周二早上7点同时做到——你根本无法判断舌侧牙齿是否刷干净。

人工智能牙刷让无形的刷牙变得可见。压力传感器会在您刷牙力度超过安全阈值时提供实时反馈——颜色变化或触觉脉冲。区域覆盖率追踪功能会精确显示哪些区域刷牙到位,哪些区域刷牙不足。刷牙评分会量化您的刷牙习惯是进步还是退步。这并不能替代学习正确的刷牙技巧——您仍然需要了解巴氏刷牙法和45度角——但它是一种持续的反馈机制,可以防止您在不知不觉中养成不良习惯。大多数人刷牙不规范并非因为他们刷牙能力不足,而是因为他们从未看到过自己实际刷牙情况的客观证据。人工智能牙刷每次都能提供这种证据,无需牙科保健师站在您的洗手池旁。

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