Apical microsurgery has undergone a paradigm shift over the past three decades, evolving from a blind, technique-sensitive procedure with unpredictable outcomes into a precision-driven microsurgical intervention supported by advanced imaging, illumination, and biomaterials. When conventional orthogr

Sports-related orofacial injuries represent a significant public health concern, with dental trauma being among the most common injuries in contact and collision sports. This article examines the evidence supporting custom-fabricated mouthguards as the gold standard for orofacial protection, reviews fabrication techniques, and discusses the broader role of the dental professional in sports medicine.

Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) represent a heterogeneous group of conditions with an increased risk of malignant transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Early detection through systematic screening and appropriate surveillance can significantly improve patient outcomes. This review covers the clinical features, diagnostic workup, and evidence-based management of the most common OPMDs encountered in dental practice.

Halitosis, commonly known as bad breath, affects a significant proportion of the global population and can have profound psychological and social consequences. This comprehensive review explores the multifactorial etiology of oral malodor, with emphasis on the role of volatile sulfur compounds produced by gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, and provides evidence-based diagnostic and management protocols for dental practitioners.

The aging global population presents unique challenges and opportunities in prosthodontic rehabilitation. This article examines the evidence supporting implant-retained overdentures as a transformative treatment option for edentulous elderly patients, compares various attachment systems and implant configurations, and discusses clinical considerations specific to the geriatric population including bone quality, medical comorbidities, and maintenance protocols.

Dental practitioners routinely prescribe and administer a wide range of medications, making pharmacological competence essential for safe and effective patient care. This article provides a comprehensive overview of analgesics, antibiotics, and clinically significant drug interactions relevant to everyday dental practice, with emphasis on evidence-based prescribing and the management of medically complex patients.

Evidence-based dentistry (EBD) represents a fundamental paradigm shift in how dental professionals approach clinical decision making. Rather than relying solely on tradition, anecdotal experience, or expert opinion, EBD provides a systematic framework for integrating the best available scientific ev

Xerostomia, the subjective sensation of oral dryness, and hyposalivation, the objective reduction in salivary flow, represent one of the most common yet underrecognized complaints encountered in dental practice. Affecting an estimated 20-30% of the general population and up to 40% of older adults, t

Orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) has emerged as a critical adjunctive intervention in modern dentistry, bridging the gap between orthodontics, sleep medicine, and pediatric airway management. This therapeutic approach targets the neuromuscular re-education of the orofacial musculature, addressi

Evidence-based dentistry (EBD) represents a fundamental paradigm shift in how dental professionals approach clinical decision making. Rather than relying solely on tradition, anecdotal experience, or expert opinion, EBD provides a systematic framework for integrating the best available scientific ev

The contemporary dental practice operates at the intersection of healthcare delivery and small business management, requiring practitioners to master competencies far beyond clinical excellence. Success in today's competitive landscape demands sophisticated understanding of practice economics, strat

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) represents the most common congenital craniofacial anomaly, occurring in approximately 1 in 700 live births worldwide, with significant variation across ethnic groups. The condition results from failure of fusion of the facial processes during early embryogenesis, specific

The transition from metal-ceramic to all-ceramic restorations represents one of the most significant material shifts in restorative dentistry over the past three decades. Driven by aesthetic demands, concerns about metal hypersensitivity, and remarkable advances in ceramic materials and CAD/CAM tech

Tooth extraction initiates a cascade of biological events that inevitably results in alveolar ridge remodeling—a process characterized by dimensional changes in both the horizontal and vertical planes that can compromise subsequent implant placement. The clinical significance of post-extraction ridg

Infection control has always been fundamental to safe dental practice, but the COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented scrutiny to dental infection prevention protocols. The recognition that SARS-CoV-2 transmits primarily through respiratory droplets and aerosols—and that dental procedures generate

Forensic odontology occupies a unique position at the intersection of dentistry, forensic science, and the legal system. The discipline applies dental knowledge to the identification of human remains, the analysis of bite mark evidence, and the estimation of age in both living and deceased individua

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping the landscape of dental diagnostics at a pace that few could have predicted a decade ago. Deep learning algorithms, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs) optimized for image analysis, have demonstrated diagnostic accuracy comparable to or exceedi

Teledentistry—the use of information and communication technologies to deliver dental care, consultation, education, and public health services across geographic distances—has undergone an unprecedented transformation in recent years. While the concept dates to the 1990s, the COVID-19 pandemic catal

The field of endodontics has undergone a paradigm shift over the past two decades. Traditional root canal therapy, while effective at eliminating infection and preserving teeth, ultimately results in a non-vital tooth that is more brittle and susceptible to fracture. Regenerative endodontics offers

The human oral cavity harbors one of the most diverse and dynamic microbial communities in the body, second only to the gut in complexity. Advances in culture-independent molecular techniques—particularly 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomics—have transformed our understanding of the ora

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a serious adverse event characterized by exposed necrotic bone in the maxillofacial region that persists for more than eight weeks in patients with current or previous antiresorptive or antiangiogenic therapy and no history of head and neck radi