Forensic odontology occupies a unique position at the intersection of dentistry, forensic science, and the legal system. The discipline applies dental knowledge to the identification of human remains, the analysis of bite mark evidence, and the estimation of age in both living and deceased individua

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping the landscape of dental diagnostics at a pace that few could have predicted a decade ago. Deep learning algorithms, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs) optimized for image analysis, have demonstrated diagnostic accuracy comparable to or exceedi

Teledentistry—the use of information and communication technologies to deliver dental care, consultation, education, and public health services across geographic distances—has undergone an unprecedented transformation in recent years. While the concept dates to the 1990s, the COVID-19 pandemic catal

The field of endodontics has undergone a paradigm shift over the past two decades. Traditional root canal therapy, while effective at eliminating infection and preserving teeth, ultimately results in a non-vital tooth that is more brittle and susceptible to fracture. Regenerative endodontics offers

The human oral cavity harbors one of the most diverse and dynamic microbial communities in the body, second only to the gut in complexity. Advances in culture-independent molecular techniques—particularly 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomics—have transformed our understanding of the ora

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a serious adverse event characterized by exposed necrotic bone in the maxillofacial region that persists for more than eight weeks in patients with current or previous antiresorptive or antiangiogenic therapy and no history of head and neck radi

The dental patient population is aging, and the prevalence of chronic medical conditions continues to rise. The World Health Organization projects that by 2050, the proportion of the global population over 60 years will double from 12% to 22%, with a corresponding increase in the burden of multimorb

Saliva has emerged as a powerful diagnostic fluid that reflects the physiological and pathological state of the body. As an ultrafiltrate of blood, saliva contains a complex mixture of proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, and microorganisms that originate from multiple sources: salivary glands, gin

Peri-implantitis has emerged as one of the most significant complications in implant dentistry, affecting an estimated 20% of patients and 10% of implants at the patient and implant levels respectively. As the global population of dental implants grows, the burden of peri-implant disease is expandin

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is a qualitative developmental enamel defect affecting one to four first permanent molars, frequently with concurrent involvement of permanent incisors. First described systematically by Weerheijm and colleagues in 2001, MIH has since been recognized as a globa

Digital Smile Design (DSD) has revolutionized aesthetic dentistry by providing a systematic, communication-centered approach to treatment planning. Developed by Dr. Christian Coachman in 2007, DSD integrates facial and dental analysis, intraoral and extraoral digital data, and interdisciplinary coll

Additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, has transformed dentistry over the past decade from a niche prototyping tool into an integral component of digital workflows. The technology enables the fabrication of surgical guides, dental models, temporary and permanent restorations, denture

Preserving pulp vitality is one of the most biologically conservative goals in restorative dentistry. When caries approaches or micro-exposes the pulp, pulp capping and vital pulp therapy (VPT) offer clinicians the opportunity to avoid root canal treatment by harnessing the pulp's innate healing cap

Immediate implant placement into extraction sockets, with or without immediate loading, represents one of the most significant advances in implant dentistry over the past two decades. These protocols reduce treatment time, preserve alveolar ridge architecture, and meet growing patient demand for exp

Dental erosion, defined as the irreversible loss of dental hard tissue by a chemical process not involving bacteria, has emerged as a significant clinical challenge in contemporary dentistry. Unlike caries, which is a site-specific disease mediated by bacterial biofilm, erosion affects entire tooth

Accurate caries detection is the foundation of minimally invasive dentistry. Traditional methods relying on visual inspection and radiographic examination have significant limitations, particularly for early enamel lesions and occlusal caries beneath seemingly intact surfaces. Over the past two deca

Antibiotic prophylaxis in dentistry has been a subject of evolving guidelines and persistent controversy for decades. The practice of administering antibiotics before dental procedures to prevent distant-site infections originated in the mid-20th century and was widely adopted without robust evidenc

A review of dental laser technology covering diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, and CO2 lasers. Discusses wavelength-specific applications, safety protocols, and clinical outcomes in soft tissue surgery, caries removal, and periodontal therapy.

An evidence-based exploration of dentin hypersensitivity mechanisms, differential diagnosis from other causes of dental pain, and the full spectrum of desensitizing treatments from over-the-counter products to in-office procedures.

A clinical guide to managing common dental emergencies including acute apical abscess, cellulitis, pericoronitis, alveolar osteitis, and traumatic dental injuries. Covers triage protocols, antibiotic stewardship, and when to refer for specialist care.

A comprehensive overview of complete denture fabrication methods, comparing conventional clinical and laboratory steps with modern digital workflows including CAD/CAM milling and 3D printing. Discusses impression techniques, jaw relation records, and denture base materials.